May 15, 1971, John Van Swearinger IV introduced us to New Fern Cave. John Wallace, Bill Meier and I were excited to see what all the cavers in the nation were talking about at the time. A huge cave system had been discovered in north Alabama. Vertical cavers from all over north America were coming to drop the deepest pit at that time in the eastern United States, Fern Cave.

The Fern Cave System is located in the west side of Nat Mountain in North Alabama. Fern Cave was discovered June 4, 1961 by Jim Johnston, Bill Torode, Louis Fox, Chris Kroger, and Butch Dill. It consists mostly of Surprise Pit, 437-foot deep and more than 200 feet long.

Morgue Cave was discovered June 9, 1968 by Bob Clark, John Cole, Jim Johnston, Don Myrick, Arch Swank and Lynne Swank. It consists of several pits 100 to 200-foot deep. The Morgue is a hibernating and nursery cave for roughly 50% of the entire Gray Bat species and perhaps 75% of the Gray Bat population in the south United States.

On January 11, 1969, New Fern Cave was discovered by Jim Johnston and is commonly referred to as the Johnston Entrance to the Fern Cave System. New Fern Cave consists of more than 15 miles of horizontal cave with three main levels connected by pits and canyons.

New Fern Cave was connected to the Morgue in January of 1969 and in April of that same year the lower level of New Fern Cave was reached. There was found evidence of pasts visit to the cave by torch barriers and large animals, some that are now extinct. Searches were made for a lower entrance, but none has been found. Caving in the Fern Cave System involves a long hike up Nat Mountain or if you know the roads, a drive to the top and a hike down to the entrances. It seemed strange to climb the outside of the mountain then go inside and climb back down the inside of the mountain.

Finely on October 10, 1971, the lower stream passages of Fern Cave and New Fern Cave was connected by digging out a stream in the cold water. This completed the Fern Cave System by connecting the three main caves and a few minor ones on the mountain. The map and most of the exploration of the Fern Cave System were completed Bill Torode and members of the Huntsville Grotto.

Our group consisted of horizontal cavers, only getting involved in vertical work when there was no other possibility. We made several trips in 1971, 1972 and 1973, at a time when the last discoveries were being made and the mapping was completed. I experimented with some movie taking in the cave but was not pleased with the results, which can be viewed on my web site. One scene does show the Elephant ears shortly after being broken and on the first trip and I have a picture of the Elephant ears before being broken with John Van Swearingern IV and John Wallace.

On November 20, 1971, we made our second trip into New Fern Cave, we would park by the river at the foot of the mountain and hike up to the Johnston Entrance. Just inside the entrance there is a drop of about eight feet where a wooden ladder was installed.

We continued to the southeast to the Upper Formation Rooms filled with helectites growing in all directions. We also visited the Red Lilly Pad Room. The room had round formations that looked like Lilly Pads in a pool of water and some of them had stalagmites growing up from the center.

The helectites are formed when the wind blows through the cave forcing the water droplets to blow off the sides of the formations, leaving mineral deposits. At different times the wind blows in different directions causing the odd shapes.

After exploring many of the formations areas, we continued south to the Elephant Ears and the Green Passage. The Green Passage is a smaller crawl and walking passage that leads to the Blowing Hole. The Blowing Hole is a short cut to the middle level of the cave. Bill Torode cleared the dirt from around the hole, placed a bolt in the wall and installed a cable ladder. The hole is about four feet around and an easy place to belay climbers as they go down the ladder. The last person down has to be belayed from below with the rope going up and through the carabineer at the bolt.

At the bottom of the middle level we continued down the canyon of the Gold Passage to the Crystal Room with large five inch gypsum crystals that jut out from the wall. The wall is more than ten feet high and almost as wide with these crystals side by side all over the wall. The crystals are pointed with smooth sides making the most striking formation room that I have ever seen. From the Crystal Room we continued to the Balcony Room. You literally can set on the edge of a balcony and look into a huge round room about eighty feet high and contains a massive flow stone called Myrick’s Monument that reaches from the bottom to the top of the room.

On July 21, 1973, I returned with Jack Pace and we spent eight hours exploring up stream from the Johnston Entrance. We passed the second dome and climbed over a ledge and into virgin cave. The room had many soda straws and helectites and no tracks or signs that anyone had been there. We left the formation room and reentered the stream passage at survey mark #18, just to the left of a dry stream bed.

On October 20, 1973, John Wallace, Jack Pace and I returned and went directly down to the Green Passage and the Blowing Hole. We continued to the Lunch Room, then climbed down the water fall drop rigging a rope for the return climb. We noted the white glacier flow stone and the small cave pearls. We climbed down into the first Big Room and after exploring it exited the cave after another eight-hour trip.

About the Author: Hubert Crowell, Cave Explorer

I have started writing as a hobby and plan to write about my life, work, hobbies, religion and many other things of interest to me and maybe others will enjoy also.

For more information on caving, improving your service department and many other subjects, Please visit my web site at:

hubertcrowell.name/ hubertcrowell.name/

We are only just into the second month of the New Year, but already 2006 has delivered more than its fair share of bad news for the nations savers.

Although many financial pundits are forecasting small cuts in interest rates later this year, many banks and building societies have made some fairly substantial rate reductions already.

Since the turn of the year, the AA, Abbey, Alliance & Leicester, NatWest, Nationwide BS, Lloyds TSB and Smile have all slashed rates.

If you’re not sure you are getting the best deal for your hard earned savings, contact your bank or building society to check your current interest rate and compare this against the best-buy charts in the press or on websites such as moneyfacts.co.uk/” target=”_blank www.Moneyfacts.co.uk.

Why is this happening? Well, there doesn’t appear to be any real logic; however it must be said that some institutions have only cut rates at certain tiers, whilst others have made cuts ‘across the board’ at the same time as they are increasing rates on others. So it looks as if it’s down to a bit of tinkering with products and a bit of ‘robbing Peter to pay Paul’.

For example Nationwide announced cuts of up to 0.2% on some of its savings accounts, yet almost simultaneously announced that it would be increasing the credit interest on its flex (current) account from 3.0% to 4.25% from 1 April.

The bad news is not limited to rates being cut; we have also seen a couple of the best-buy savings products for the ‘over fifties’ age group withdrawn from the market. The Portman BS 50 savings account was paying 5.00% whilst the Stroud & Swindon BS Diamond account was paying 4.85% – neither of these accounts is now available to new investors even though both were only launched just a little over three months ago.

The real message to savers here is just because you received a good rate of interest when you opened your savings account, there is no guarantee it will stay that way. If you don’t think you are getting a decent return, vote with your feet and transfer your account to another provider. After all, you work hard for your money, so in return should want it to work hard for you.

Emma Butler is the Web Editor at Moneyfacts.co.uk, the independent and unbiased financial comparisons website. We’ll help you find the right moneyfacts.co.uk/savings saving account for you and the moneyfacts.co.uk/savings best saving account rate.

Metabolic Profiling for Cyclists – Climb stronger – Cycle faster- Recover quicker

Elite cyclists around the world take tests to improve their performance how can a Metabolic Profile help you? Metabolic Profiling (VO2) is now readily available to all. Assessing your metabolic rate at rest and also while cycling gives you the data that you need to improve your cycling and reduce your times. The assessment requires you to wear a comfortable face mask which in turn is connected to an analyser which measures the oxygen you breathe in and the Carbon dioxide you breathe out at rest and while cycling, in turn this is connected to a Laptop computer so the software can use the data gathered to pinpoint accurately the calories you are burning and more importantly the fuel source being used, either stored fats, or glycogen.

A Metabolic Assessment can give you information about your resting metabolism and how many calories you require each day. Whether that is to fuel up for your training or to lose a few unwanted pounds. It will tell you about your exercise metabolism, how efficient you are while cycling and at what heart rate zone you best perform in. It will tell you where your Anaerobic Threshold currently is so not to over train.

If too much of your training is spent at or above your threshold you may find your fitness level plateau’s or may even decrease, the metabolic assessment will help you prevent the negative effects of over training.

With this valuable information and with the correct training regime your body will make adaptations which will improve your aerobic capacity and efficiency, help move your anaerobic threshold higher and train your body to burn fat as a preferred fuel. The metabolic assessment can help cyclists perform and train better in the following way.

The assessment will tell you where your anaerobic threshold is. AT is your highest sustainable exercise intensity expressed as a heart rate.

It will tell you how aerobically efficient you are across your aerobic base, having a wide and efficient aerobic base is critical for performance, particularly on longer distance rides.
It will tell you how many calories you burn on your rides so you will be able to fuel up effectively for your training rides and races.

As your aerobic capacity and efficiency improves you will notice how much easier the climbs become, you will be able to recover quicker after high intensity efforts. You will shed any unwanted excessive pounds.

As you improve your anaerobic threshold you will notice how your speed increases.

So if you want to be the next Lance, or just don’t want to dropped on the climbs an assessment will help you improve.

Metabolic Profiling similar to the old VO2 Max tests but with some valuable additional information which can be gained without the necessity for you to work to exhaustion, something that can worry individuals just starting cycling and even those more experienced cyclists. It is becoming more readily available as the Health and Fitness Industry has realised it’s huge potential not just for fitness levels but also for weight management, visit www.humanlabsports.com for more information and to find out how having your profile assessed will benefit you even if you are a beginner, club or Elite Cyclist or call Andy Loughray 020 8543 5288 to find out more or by email on mailto:andy@humanlabsports.com andy@humanlabsports.com

Home equity loans are another name for secured loans, for which any home owner can qualify for. Raising finance against your property is a popular source of finance since a long time. It does not give you any chance to pay slackness in the settlement of the loan amount of home equity loans, as your home is at stake. Every step should be well planned. There are some tips following which you can benefit a lot with home equity loans. Let us find out what all you need to know about home equity loans.

In order to find approval of home equity loans, you must offer some of your assets. The total value of that specific collateral is of prime importance for your lender. It will also be a deciding factor for the loan amount that you can have against home equity loans.

As the loan amount of the home equity loans is secured against your home, the lender is assured of the repayment of the loan amount and will offer you loan amount at nominal interest rates. Several additional benefits of home equity loans are that you can borrow larger loan amounts, which can suit to your bigger needs, as well. Above all, you can pay back the loan amount with in a period of 5 to 25 yrs or so.

With postponement in the settlement of the loan amount of home equity loans, the assets may go under the custody of your respective lender. It is recommended to avoid any such trouble by planning some repayment plan and adhering to that sincerely.

Andrew Baker has done his masters in finance from CPIT. He is engaged in providing free, professional, and independent advice to the residents of the UK. He works for the Loans Valley for any type of loans as loansvalley.co.uk/home-equity-loans.html home equity loans, secured loans, unsecured loans, debt consolidation loans, business loans please visit loansvalley.co.uk loansvalley.co.uk

Perhaps you can remember a time when you were in a financial fix and felt desperate to lay your hands on some cash. Even though your need was urgent, you managed to get through it without entering into any costly financial commitment. Hold on to this memory because it is proof to yourself that you can survive these situations.

At times like these, many people are tempted to go for a payday loan. On the face of it, payday loans seem a quick and easy way of getting hold of funds. However, going for one of these loans is not a decision to be taken lightly. First and foremost, you need to think carefully about whether you are going to be in a position to repay the loan.

In actual fact, the majority of people who take out these loans do manage to repay them without too much problem. For them, a payday loan can serve a useful purpose like preventing their phone line from being cut off. However, there are others who get themselves into serious difficulties. For these people, payday loans may be quick and easy, but they are also seriously expensive – much more expensive than they could have dreamt when taking out the loan. This is because payday loans are meant to be short-term loans and interest racks up at a horrific rate if they are kept for a longer period.

This is the reason why you need to think carefully BEFORE applying for the loan. When you are feeling desperate, you are tempted to think only as far as getting the money to get out of the hole you are in, and not to look beyond that. Yet the consequences of defaulting on the loan will be very serious, not only for yourself but also for your family. Ultimately it could end up with your home and belongings being repossessed. In this situation your family will suffer as much as you, if not more – yet it is not actually their problem!

This is why you need to think first and act second. Remember that once you have signed that piece of paper, there is no going back. Read the small print and find out all the information you can before going for a payday loan. This way you could avoid a seriously costly mistake.

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Payday loans are basically short-term loans provided by lending institutions to customers. It is also referred to as cash advance because it is cash provided against an agreed line of credit. California payday loans assist borrowers in handling their expenses until their payday. Individuals utilize this source of fund to deal with small, unanticipated expenses as it helps in avoiding expensive bounced-check fees and late payment penalties. It is generally of a minimum amount of $ 500 and may go up to a couple of thousands of dollars. The purpose of payday loans is to bridge the borrower’s cash flow gap between paydays.

California payday loans are usually provided without a credit check, as the sum involved is relatively less and the term of the loan is short. Most payday loan lenders function as small stores or franchises. There are several agencies, both online and offline that offer California payday loans. Prior to finalizing with payday loan lenders, it is essential for borrowers to search extensively and evaluate offers from different lenders. The single greatest advantage of a California payday loan is that borrowers are not required to go through a credit check. It is possible to get a payday loan approved even if borrowers have a bad credit record, as lenders do not ask for credit history.

The procedure of obtaining California payday loans is very simple and easy. Payday loans come in the form of small, unsecured personal loans, which means there is no collateral required. Individuals are required to fill out an application form giving basic information concerning their employment and income. This acts as a collateral when applying for a California payday loan online. The loan amount approved would depend on an applicant’s income. Lending institutions evaluate the amount borrowers can comfortably pay on the next payday and sanction an amount depending on that. In most cases, applicants receive their payday loan within 24 hours. It is wise for borrowers to pay off payday loans as per schedules, to avoid paying excessive interest.

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Bow hunting is one of the most popular sports for the sportsmen. The number of individuals who participate is growing each year. There are many reasons for this growth. Let us discuss a few of the reasons.

Most of us rise each morning, go to work, and come home again. We do this day in and day out until the need for escaping the everyday routine comes into play. Some people escape to the resorts for relaxation, but for those of us who just want to eliminate the hustle and bustle of being at a certain place at a certain time this might not be the answer. If you have ever spent time just walking through the woods or sitting around a camp fire sharing your day’s experiences, then you will know the peace which can be yours. For those of you who don’t wish to hunt, there are activities for you. Target shooting and competitive shooting is a very popular activity and one which can be very rewarding.

Most states will extend the bow hunting season beyond the regular season. For example, in Illinois the deer season for bow hunters begins in October and ends in January. The gun season is two times with one being in November for three days and again in December for four days. For those who like to hunt this gives a greater opportunity to engage in a sport of great challenge.

I have talked with many hunters of both the bow and gun and almost to a man, they tell me that it is a greater challenge to bow hunt. The hunter must get much closer to the game and then have the shooting ability to complete the hunt. The white tail deer is one of the most elusive animals and the mere challenge of finding one often is reward enough. I have heard more stories of the one that got away than the one which did not.

No matter your preference there is an activity for you, all you have to do is give it a try. Those who are new to the sport, I will have tips on finding the right equipment and gear.

SELECTING THE PROPER EQUIPMENT

The first choice you will have to make is, What type of bow do I want?” There are basically three types of bows being used today. Those are the compound bow, recurve bow and the crossbow.

The compound bow is probably the most popular of the three mentioned for a couple of reasons. This particular style has what is known as the “let-off”. Basically, what this means is that when the archer pulls the string back there will be a point when it will become easier to handle. This allows the archer to hold the bow at full draw with little or no pressure on the arm muscle and thereby helps eliminate the up and down motion of fatigue. One more advantage of the compound bow is it is capable of shooting much faster than the recurve bow. The faster an arrow is in flight means a flatter trajectory. A bow that has a flat arrow trajectory allows the hunter more room for error in judging distance. There are many models of compound bows available on the market today.

The recurve bow has been used for many years and is making a come back in popularity. This bow does not have the “let-off” of the compound bow. Because it does not have this release point, the archer usually needs to get the shot off faster. If the bow is a 65 pound draw weight then it stays at 65 pounds until the string is released. This is different from the compound which releases from 65 to about 50 pounds at full draw.

This brings us to the crossbow. This particular bow has been used for years. It is a cross between rifle and a bow. It is for this reason, many states do not allow cross bows to be used. The one exception in Illinois is for the handicapped. A special permit may be obtained. I would suggest that you check with your State Conservation Agency to determine whether these may be used.

Now that you have selected the type of bow, it is time to consider the weight of the bow. The draw weight for a recurve bow is the number of pounds it takes to draw the bowstring back to about 28 inches. If your draw length is longer or shorter, then add or subtract two pounds for each inch difference. For compound bows, draw weight is the amount of weight you pull through until your bow lets off.

An archer should select a draw weight that is comfortable. The higher the draw weight will result in a faster arrow flight, but you still must be able to handle the draw with comfort. If you are considering a recurve bow, you need a draw weight of between 45 to 50 pounds. If you select a compound bow, it should have a minimum peak weight of between 50 to 55 pounds. As your ability improves, you may find that you can increase the poundage by 5 to 10 pounds.

One more very important point to consider is the draw length. This is defined as the distance from the nock and string to the front of the bow at full draw. To determine your individual draw length, you can stand at right angle to the wall and place your knuckles on the wall. Measure the distance from the wall to the corner of your mouth and this should give you your draw length. Remember when you select your arrows, make them about three or four inches longer than your draw length to prevent overdrawing of the arrow.

You are now ready to begin target shooting. More tips will be given for the beginning hunter.

About the Author:
Virginia is a master teacher with her Masters degree in education. She has taught archery for several years at the junior and high school levels. Many of her students have gone on to become very proficient bow hunters. She has sought to simplify the art of choosing the correct bow for hunting. She is also the author of “The Young Years” a book about a young boy who finds his love for hunting and wildlife all at the same time on his grandparent’s farm in Southern Illinois.

Sure, there are tons of organizations in the world today that offer services to eliminate debt. Some of which are not for profit and others of which will charge you a fee, depending of course on the company and what services they offer. However, did you know that you could reduce credit card debt all by yourself? You do not need help from any of these companies, all you really need is some guidance and tools, and then you can be on the road to breathing easier thanks to reduced credit card debt.

Why do you need to pay anyone to tell you what you may already know? Why should you pay to reduce credit card debt when you can get the information absolutely free? You should not have to, which is why I have written this article for you. In this article, we will discuss some of the ways you can work on your own to eliminate or reduce the amount of credit card debt you are currently living with. Once you have read this article, you may very well slap yourself in the forehead and say I knew that. Smile, we all need a push in the right direction from time to time.

The first thing you should know is that you will have to make some sacrifices. You might have to stop shopping for a new wardrobe or eating out at your favorite restaurant until you get your finances under control, but trust me it will all be worth it in the end. One essential key to reduce credit card debt is to basically stop buying things you really do not need or cannot afford. Do you need that new outfit or can you live without it? Must you go to that restaurant or could you just stay home and have something equally good, but healthier? These are things you need to think about before you make purchases.

Next thing you should do is look at your credit card, well I mean look at the statement or your terms. What is your rate of interest? Is it phenomenally high? If so, you might want to consider getting a credit card that has a lower rate of interest, if you absolutely must have a credit card. Now you are thinking, “I thought you were going to tell me how to reduce credit card debt”. Well, I am, if you get a lower interest credit card and transfer the balance of the higher interest one, your payments will be significantly lower.

Lastly, if you have more than one credit card, get rid of them. Choose one card, with a low interest rate, and stop using the rest. Cancel them or just cut them up. You only need one card and it should be there for emergencies. Then with that one card, take extreme measures, if you simply cannot stop yourself from shopping or using it. Take it out of your wallet or purse. Leave it at home, freeze it in your freezer, or lock in a safe deposit box, no matter what you choose, out of sight out of mind. When you want to buy that great looking shirt, you will have to go home to get the credit card. By the time you get home, you might have talked yourself out of it.

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The folks at Citi do claim in their recent promotions for the Citi Professional Business Credit Card that work and play can be a real balancing act and that the Citi Professional Business credit card can help you keep track of which is which. This may certainly be the case with this premium credit card that is loaded with advanced features and benefits. Cardholders get access to the Thank You Network and a no fee rewards program. Currently one receives 3 points for every dollar that is spent at restaurants, gas stations, auto rentals, and certain office supply merchants as long as you are not participating in a limited-time promotional offer. Certain types of purchases not eligible to receive the three points scheme and they include purchases made at warehouse clubs, discount stores, department stores and convenience stores. Also, your internet, catalog, mail order and telephone purchases are not eligible to receive three points unless the merchants appropriately identifies the particular transactions.

Citi does not determine whether merchants appropriately identify all transactions you could make on your Citi Professional Business Credit Card, as mentioned above. However, they do reserve the right to determine which purchases qualify cardholders to receive points under the “ThankYou” scheme. It is easy to earn up to 100,000 ThankYou Points during any particular calendar year as eligible purchases should appear on your monthly billing statements. Just keep your Citi Professional Business Credit Card account open and current and you will remain eligible to earn points through the entire life of the rewards program. The points are valid for 3 years from the end of the calendar year in which they are earned unless the rewards scheme is cancelled. If the program somehow gets cancelled you should receive a 30 day written notice and you also have up to 90 days to redeem your points. Personally I have trouble complaining about the possibility of perhaps having to take an emergency vacation (to use up points) should the need arise.

As far as the features go with the Citi Professional Business Credit Card to help you manage your business expenses they are second to none. You can easily categorize your monthly statements and do necessary breakdowns as needed. You will also receive quarterly and annual summaries as well. Also cardholders receive a one-of-a-kind online expense reporting tool that helps you to use your statement available online to customize reports for billing, employee reimbursements and much more. The Card also comes with access to dedicated customer service reps who can assist you and help with business matters concerning your credit card. The card also includes excellent fraud coverage protection.

Please note that at the time of this review all the information was accurate. If you intend to apply online for this credit card or any other please be certain to read the latest terms and conditions from the card’s issuer.

Sam Donaldson is the current staff writer for the credit-cards-with-rewards.com/ Credit Cards with Rewards website where you can apply online or further review the credit-cards-with-rewards.com/Citi_Professional_Business_Credit_Card.htm Citi® Professional(SM) Business Credit Card.

Shopping, meals and holidays are just some of the items we put on our credit cards. But credit card spending does not have to be selfish. Credit card holders can use their credit cards to support worthwhile causes such as charities.

There are several ways of doing this. Credit card owners can donate to different charities using their credit cards or they can choose a charity credit card to give their chosen charity a donation every time they spend.

How Charity Cards Work

Most charity cards donate in two ways. The first is a lump sum donation given to a charity when someone first takes out a charity card. Additional lump sums may be donated if people keep the card or continue to spend on the credit card.

The second method is to donate a percentage of the money spent by the cardholder to the chosen charity. This can range from 0.25% to 1% of the amount spent, depending on the deal and the card chosen.

Giving To Cancer Charities

Cancer is a major killer in industrialised nations and so it is hardly surprising that a number of charities have launched their own credit cards to help their charity efforts. Many of these are supported by large banks.

Cancer Research UK is the UK’s largest cancer charity. The organisation’s credit card is supported by Halifax and works like other Halifax cards. There is no annual fee and the card offers a low balance transfer fee for six months. Halifax donates 0.25% of money spent on the card to Cancer Research UK.

Another cancer charity has raised £1,000,000 with its charity card. The Breakthrough Breast Cancer Charity Card is sponsored by MBNA. The purchase donation is the same as that offered by the Cancer Research credit card. However, MBNA also offers an additional donation for online applications.

Other Ways Of Giving To Charity

Charity credit cards work well for those who spend regularly on their credit cards. A donation rate of 0.25% means that 25 pence of every £100 spent goes to the charity. Some people may find that donating the proceeds of a cash back credit card (which gives more than 0.5% of annual spending in a lump sum each year) may be another good way to help a charity.

Shopping Around

As with other credit cards it is worth looking around for the best credit card deals for charity cards. Many charity cards offer 0% balance transfer rates and purchase rates for fixed periods. Some offer low standard interest rates as well.

There are many websites that offer comparisons of credit cards and charity credit cards. The sites look at balance transfer and purchase rates, introductory offers, standard interest rates and other incentives for credit card buyers. Shopping around allows people to get the best deal for themselves and still contribute to a good cause.

Joe Kenny writes for CardGuide.co.uk, with the latest